![]() ![]() Grid location and size match satellite temperature data, obtained from. Sampling areas, each approximately 2400 km², indicated in red. Colour coding indicates average yield per year in tons from 2010 to 2014. ![]() f Map showing areas of intensive wheat cultivation in UK and France. See Supplementary Fig. 2a and Supplementary Table 4. n = 60–61 cells examined over 2 independent experiments. All promoters are induced at 27 and 34 ☌. e Signal intensity in IPO323 cells, expressing ZtGFP under promoters of genes, encoding putative heat stress proteins DnaJ/Hsp40/Sis1 (PdnaJ), Hsp60 (Phsp60) and Hsp70/Ssa3 (Phsp70/ssa3). ![]() ![]() Fluorescence signal intensity increases at 27 ☌. d IPO323 cells, expressing codon-optimised green-fluorescent protein (ZtGFP) under the promoter of a gene encoding a homologue of the heat stress chaperone DnaJ (PdnaJ, green FungiDB gene ID: ZTRI_8.716) promoter. Plant auto-fluorescence (blue), fungal cell wall stained with WGA-Alexa-Fluor 488 (green). A hypha emerges from a yeast-like spore and enters via stomata. Scale bars = 20 µm (overview) 2 µm (inset, lower right corner). Multi-cellular spore (septa indicated by open arrowhead) form new asexual spores (=blastospores, filled arrowheads) a growing tip is shown (dotted box in overview inset, where plasma membrane labelled with mCherry-Sso1 in red and the polarisome marked by ZtSpa2²⁶ in green). tritici spore undergoing microconidiation. triticiĪ Spores and hyphae, at 18 and 27 ☌, in minimal medium (MM). Temperature and dimorphic switching in Z. Here, the authors show that the spore-to-hypha transition is enhanced by wheat leaf surface compounds and is regulated by the white-collar complex, which integrates light with biotic and abiotic cues to allow host invasion through open stomata. Transitioning from spores to hyphae is crucial for host invasion by the plant pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. Thus, WCC integrates light with biotic and abiotic cues to orchestrate Z. An FDR1-based genetic screen reveals a crucial role for the white-collar complex (WCC) in dimorphism and virulence, mediated by control of PCDG expression. These pan-strain core dimorphism genes (PCDGs) encode known effectors, dimorphism and transcription factors, and light-responsive proteins (velvet factors, opsins, putative blue light receptors). Transcriptomics reveals 1261 genes that are up- or down-regulated in hyphae of all strains. However, using a fluorescent dimorphic switch reporter (FDR1) in four wild-type strains, we show that dimorphic switching already initiates at 15–18 ☌, and is enhanced by wheat leaf surface compounds. Climate data from wheat-growing areas indicate that the pathogen sporadically experiences high temperatures such as 27 ☌ during summer months. Here, we study the regulation of the dimorphic switch by temperature and other factors. This dimorphic switch can be initiated by high temperature in vitro (~27 ☌) however, such a condition may induce cellular heat stress, questioning its relevance to field infections. Transitioning from spores to hyphae is pivotal to host invasion by the plant pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. ![]()
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